沼氣特性概述2.1沼氣來源--厭氧處理工藝鏈

　　Overview of Biogas Characteristics 2.1 Biogas Source - Anaerobic Treatment Process Chain

　?。?）目前造紙廢水處理流程：初沉池→調節池→UASB/IC反應器→好氧處理，其中UASB反應器產氣占比達70%以上；

　　(1) At present, the treatment process of papermaking wastewater is as follows: primary sedimentation tank → regulating tank → UASB/IC reactor → aerobic treatment, in which the gas production of UASB reactor accounts for more than 70%;

　?。?）造紙污泥的協同處理：造紙污泥（含纖維殘渣）經中溫（35-37℃）消化，產氣周期15-20天，VS（揮發性固體）降解率與產氣量呈正相關（VS每增加1%，產氣量提升0.5m/t）；

　　(2) Collaborative treatment of papermaking sludge: papermaking sludge (including fiber residue) is digested at medium temperature (35-37 ℃), with a gas production cycle of 15-20 days. The degradation rate of volatile solids (VS) is positively correlated with gas production (for every 1% increase in VS, the gas production increases by 0.5m/t);

　?。?）原料差異性影響：廢紙制漿沼氣含硫量高（HS>1500ppm），原生漿沼氣硫含量低（HS<800ppm）；非木漿（如竹漿）沼氣甲烷含量較木漿低3-5個百分點。

　　(3) The impact of differences in raw materials: the sulfur content of waste paper pulp biogas is high (H-S>1500ppm), while the sulfur content of primary pulp biogas is low (H-S<800ppm); The methane content of non wood pulp (such as bamboo pulp) biogas is 3-5 percentage points lower than that of wood pulp.

　　2.2沼氣成分與熱值的動態分析

　　2.2 Dynamic analysis of biogas composition and calorific value

　?。?）硫化氫處理必要性：HS濃度>200ppm時，燃氣設備腐蝕速率加快3倍（參考《燃氣輪機腐蝕控制標準GB/T 14090》）；脫硫成本占比：生物脫硫法0.1-0.2元/m，化學吸收法0.3-0.5元/m；

　　(1) The necessity of hydrogen sulfide treatment: When the concentration of H2S is greater than 200ppm, the corrosion rate of gas equipment accelerates by three times (refer to the "Gas Turbine Corrosion Control Standard GB/T 14090"); Cost proportion of desulfurization: 0.1-0.2 yuan/m  for biological desulfurization method, 0.3-0.5 yuan/m  for chemical absorption method;

　?。?）熱值波動管理：甲烷濃度每下降5%，鍋爐熱效率降低2%；典型熱值應用場景：發電需>22MJ/m，車用燃氣需>31MJ/m（需提純至CH>90%）。

　　(2) Heat value fluctuation management: For every 5% decrease in methane concentration, the boiler thermal efficiency decreases by 2%; Typical application scenarios for calorific value: power generation requires>22MJ/m Does car gas require>31MJ/m (To be purified to CH>90%).

　　2.3體量測算模型（1）產氣量計算公式：Q =k×COD負荷×η×R其中：

　　2.3 Volume Calculation Model (1) Gas Production Calculation Formula: Q=k × COD Load × η × R Where:

　　k：產氣系數（0.35-0.45m/kg COD）

　　k: Gas production coefficient (0.35-0.45m/kg COD)

　　η：COD去除率（85-95%）；

　　η: COD removal rate (85-95%);

　　R：運行穩定性系數（0.8-0.95）；

　　R: Operating stability coefficient (0.8-0.95);

　?。?）沼氣利用規模經濟閾值：提純項目盈虧平衡點：沼氣量≥1500m/d；發電項目經濟性拐點：設備利用率>75%（年運行6500小時）。

　　(2) Scale economy threshold for biogas utilization: breakeven point for purification projects: biogas volume ≥ 1500m /d; Economic turning point of power generation projects: equipment utilization rate>75% (annual operation of 6500 hours).

　　三、沼氣利用模式分析3.1自備熱電廠鍋爐摻燒模式摻燒模式是目前最普遍的沼氣利用模式，通過污水廠厭氧塔的沼氣穩壓罐及后面的風機，通過管道送到電廠的分氣缸，然后通過燃燒器后進入鍋爐的燃燒系統。此模式的關鍵問題點我認為有兩處：

　　3、 Analysis of Biogas Utilization Mode 3.1 Co firing Mode of Self provided Thermal Power Plant Boiler Co firing Mode is currently the most common biogas utilization mode. It is sent through the biogas stabilizing tank of the anaerobic tower in the sewage plant and the fan behind it, through pipelines to the power plant's gas separation cylinder, and then enters the combustion system of the boiler after passing through the burner. I think there are two key issues with this model:

　　一是摻燒沼氣雖然投資小、系統簡單，但是其在鍋爐內部的摻燒對鍋爐產生氮氧化物有很大影響，通過我實際的情況來看，一旦投入摻燒系統，脫硝用氨水量馬上增加。如果有兩個沼氣燃燒器運行，就相當于增加了兩個燃燒源，大大影響鍋爐氮氧化物的產生量。

　　One reason is that although the investment in co firing biogas is small and the system is simple, its co firing inside the boiler has a significant impact on the production of nitrogen oxides. Based on my actual situation, once it is put into the co firing system, the amount of ammonia water used for denitrification immediately increases. If there are two biogas burners running, it is equivalent to adding two combustion sources, greatly affecting the production of nitrogen oxides in the boiler.

　　二是沼氣熱值高，但是進入爐膛后，實際產生的熱效率的大小需要試驗確認，也就是說，其產生的熱效率并不等于鍋爐熱效率。沼氣在燃煤鍋爐內燃燒充分，但是到尾部換熱卻不能完全完成。我們組織了試驗，沼氣投入鍋爐，穩定燃燒后，在尾部煙氣處測量組份，沒有可燃元素，那就說明沼氣的燃盡率是100%；但同時發現鍋爐的排煙溫度馬上上升，排煙熱損失增加，說明在鍋爐內沼氣燃燒熱效率是低于煤炭燃燒熱效率的。下面是實際的簡單試驗的結果：

　　The second reason is that biogas has a high calorific value, but the actual thermal efficiency generated after entering the furnace needs to be confirmed through experiments, which means that the thermal efficiency generated does not equal the boiler thermal efficiency. Biogas is fully burned in coal-fired boilers, but the heat exchange at the tail cannot be fully completed. We organized an experiment and put biogas into the boiler. After stable combustion, the composition was measured at the tail flue gas. If there were no combustible elements, it means that the combustion rate of biogas is 100%; But at the same time, it was found that the exhaust temperature of the boiler immediately increased, and the exhaust heat loss increased, indicating that the thermal efficiency of biogas combustion in the boiler is lower than that of coal combustion. Here are the actual results of a simple experiment:

　?。?）沼氣輸入熱量：Q1=單位小時沼氣摻燒量*沼氣低位發熱量=1400m3*24.4mj/m3=81.58萬大卡；

　　(1) Biogas input heat: Q1=unit hour biogas co firing amount * biogas low-level heat generation=1400m3 * 24.4mj/m3=815800 kcal;

　　（2）排煙熱損失：Q2=12.8萬大卡

　　(2) Smoke exhaust heat loss: Q2=128000 kcal

　?。?）沼氣燃燒熱效率計算：η=1-Q/Q1=77.6%在我們這臺特定鍋爐中摻燒，沼氣在鍋爐實際熱效率為77.6%。如果5000大卡煤炭價格為800元，那一立方沼氣的經濟價值是：24.4/4.1868/5000*800*0.77=0.72元。另外，需要提醒的是：“碳減排盲區”：摻燒模式因無法精確計量沼氣替代率，導致CCER（國家核證自愿減排量）開發難度大。

　　(3) Calculation of thermal efficiency of biogas combustion: η=1-Q/Q1=77.6%. In our specific boiler, when co fired, the actual thermal efficiency of biogas in the boiler is 77.6%. If the price of 5000 kcal coal is 800 yuan, the economic value of one cubic meter of biogas is 24.4/4.1868/5000 * 800 * 0.77=0.72 yuan. In addition, it should be noted that there is a "carbon emission reduction blind spot": the co firing mode is difficult to develop due to the inability to accurately measure the biogas substitution rate, making CCER (National Certified Voluntary Emission Reduction) challenging.

　　3.2沼氣發電模式考慮到現在企業經濟情況不景氣，我們開始的項目原則就定位為“乙方投資，乙方運維”的模式，我們把沼氣交于對方，對方提供電力和低壓工業用蒸汽給我方。

　　3.2 Considering the current economic downturn of the enterprise, our initial project principle was positioned as a "Party B investment, Party B operation and maintenance" model. We handed over the biogas to the other party, who provided us with electricity and low-pressure industrial steam.

　　3.3沼氣提純模式沼氣提純制生物天然氣（Bio-CNG）模式，是通過膜分離、PSA（變壓吸附）或水洗工藝將沼氣甲烷濃度提純至90%~97%，生產車用燃氣或工業燃料。此模式附加值最高（生物天然氣售價達3.5~4.5元/m），且可開發碳信用（CCER收益15~30元/噸CO）。

　　3.3 Biogas Purification Mode Biogas purification to produce bio natural gas (Bio CNG) mode is a process of purifying biogas methane concentration to 90%~97% through membrane separation, PSA (pressure swing adsorption) or water washing technology, producing automotive gas or industrial fuel. This mode has the highest added value (the selling price of biogas reaches 3.5-4.5 yuan/m ), and can also develop carbon credits (CCER income of 15-30 yuan/ton CO).

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